Down?conversion materials for organic solar cells: Progress, challenges, and perspectives

Organic solar cells (OSCs) in terms of power conversion efficiency (PCE) and operational lifetime have made remarkable progress during the last decade by improving active layer materials introducing new interlayers. The newly developed wide bandgap organic donor low acceptor molecules covered absorption from visible to near-infrared region. Whereas incident high energy region (UV) is not favor OSCs. Its causes thermalization losses photoinduced degradation, which hinders PCE Recently, lanthanide non-lanthanide-based down-conversion (DC) been introduced, can effectively convert high-energy photons low-energy (visible) resolve spectral mismatch that limit OSCs spectrum. Furthermore, DC also protect UV-induced degradation. were proposed cross Shockley-Queisser cell. In this review, need for their processing method thoroughly discussed. However, main emphasis has given developing lanthanides non-lanthanides-based OSCs, applications, impact on photovoltaic device performance, stability, future perspectives.